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UAE Golden Visa Eligibility 2025:Expanded Opportunities for Global Talent

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UAE Golden Visa Eligibility

Thinking about building a long-term future in the United Arab Emirates?.The UAE Golden Visa eligibility criteria have expanded — opening the doors wider for global professionals, investors, and innovators to call the United Arab Emirates home. This strategic move reflects the UAE’s mission to position itself as a global business and innovation hub, welcoming exceptional minds who can contribute to its economic and cultural growth.

With simplified processes, flexible residency options, and wider eligibility across professions and industries, the Golden Residence program is now more inclusive than ever. Whether you’re an investor in real estate, a skilled executive, or a creative professional, the UAE wants you to be part of its journey toward a knowledge-driven future.

What Is the UAE Golden Visa?

The UAE offers various visa options for entrepreneurs and employees, with the Golden Visa being the most sought-after choice. The UAE Golden Visa, also known as the Golden Residence, is a long-term 10-year visa introduced by the United Arab Emirates government to attract top global talent, investors, and skilled professionals. Unlike traditional residency permits that require a local sponsor or employer, the Golden Visa gives foreign nationals full independence to live, work, and invest anywhere in the UAE. Holders can open businesses, own properties, or take part in major economic projects across cities like Abu Dhabi and Dubai.

Among its key features:

  • Long-term validity of up to 10 years, renewable under the same conditions.

     

  • The right to sponsor family members, dependents, and domestic helpers under the same visa duration.

     

  • Easy entry visa and issuance process through official portals 

 

  • Flexibility to stay outside the country for extended periods without losing residency status.

     

  • Access to exclusive government and private sector benefits for Golden Visa holders, including Emirates ID priority services and fast-track healthcare access under the Ministry of Health.

     

The Golden Residence program applies to a wide range of applicants — from investors in real estate and entrepreneurs leading economic projects, to specialised talents in fields of science, technology, or the fields of culture. Even creative people recognized by the Department of Culture or General Sports Authority can qualify under specific categories.

This broad and inclusive approach reflects the UAE’s commitment to attracting global expats, innovators, and high-achieving individuals who can contribute to the nation’s sustainable growth. Whether you’re an executive director, a researcher endorsed by the Emirates Council of Scientists, or an entrepreneur investing millions of dirhams, the Golden Visa provides an opportunity to make the UAE your long-term base for business and lifestyle.

Why the Expanded UAE Golden Visa Eligibility Matters

The expansion of the UAE Golden Visa eligibility reflects the United Arab Emirates’ bold vision of becoming a world-leading destination for innovation, entrepreneurship, and long-term prosperity. By opening new pathways for investors, skilled professionals, and specialised talents, the UAE invites people from across the world to be part of a nation built on ambition and opportunity.

This expansion isn’t just about granting residency — it’s about fostering a Golden Residence community that drives innovation, diversity, and sustainable economic growth. From real estate investment and economic projects to breakthroughs in the fields of science and fields of culture, the UAE welcomes every contributor shaping its modern identity.

In Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and other emirates, this inclusivity is reflected through dedicated initiatives by entities such as the Ministry of Economy, Department of Culture, and the Emirates Council of Scientists. These bodies ensure that creative people, researchers, and entrepreneurs receive the recognition and resources they deserve.

The broader application process, accessible via govt sites and authorized service centers, ensures a transparent and efficient system for all categories — from executive directors and startup founders to scientists and artists.

By streamlining the issuance of long-term visas and maintaining strict verification standards through Customs & Port Security, the UAE combines opportunity with reliability — making it not just a destination to live, but a place to build a lasting legacy.

The expanded UAE Golden Visa eligibility isn’t merely an update — it’s a declaration of the country’s future-ready vision. Whether you’re an AI developer, investor, or cultural innovator, this program ensures your talent and contribution are valued at the highest level.

UAE Golden Visa Eligibility Categories (2025 Update)

In 2025, the UAE Golden Visa eligibility framework expanded significantly — a move designed to welcome a wider spectrum of global professionals, investors, and innovators. The goal? To attract the world’s most specialised talents and empower them to contribute to the ‘United Arab Emirates’ transformation into a global hub for business, science, and culture.

From AI developers and nurses to athletes, humanitarians, and real estate investors, more people than ever before can now qualify for the prestigious Golden Residence.

1. Investors in Public Investments

Investors are among the core beneficiaries of the expanded program. If you’re planning to set up a business in the UAE, the Golden Visa is an ideal option for investors, offering long-term residency, business freedom, and the ability to sponsor family members. To qualify, individuals must:

  • Minimum Investment Threshold:
    Applicants must invest at least AED 2 million in approved public investment funds or licensed economic projects registered under the UAE Ministry of Economy.

  • Proof of Investment:
    You must provide certified documentation, including investment contracts, bank statements, and a valid passport copy, verifying your ownership and contribution.

  • Source of Funds Verification:
    The investment funds must be legally sourced and documented, ensuring compliance with AML (Anti-Money Laundering) regulations and UAE Central Bank standards.

  • NOC & Clearance:
    Applicants are required to obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) and clearance from Customs & Port Security as part of the Golden Visa application process.

  • Submit a valid Emirates ID (if available) and residency record (if previously residing in the UAE).

  • Provide investment portfolio details showing the continuity or stability of the invested amount.

  • Application should be filed through the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Port Security (ICP) or GDRFA Dubai, depending on your emirate of residence.

 

This category encourages international expats to establish long-term financial roots in the UAE’s dynamic economy.

2. Real Estate Investors

Minimum Property Value

  • The property (or combined properties) must be worth at least AED 2 million.

  • This can include off-plan (under construction) properties from approved developers.

Ownership Verification

  • Ownership must be fully registered and verified by the Dubai Land Department (DLD) or the Department of Municipalities and Transport (Abu Dhabi).

  • The title deed must be issued under the applicant’s name.

Mortgage Conditions

  • If the property is mortgaged, at least AED 2 million of the property value must be paid to qualify.

  • The bank or developer must issue a NOC (No Objection Certificate) confirming the paid amount.

Joint Ownership

  • Joint ownership between spouses is accepted, provided an attested marriage certificate is submitted.

  • For other joint ownerships (like between partners or relatives), each owner must have a minimum share worth AED 2 million to qualify individually.

Eligible Property Types

  • Residential, commercial, or mixed-use properties are eligible — land plots without construction are generally not accepted.

3. Entrepreneurs and Startup Founders

Entrepreneurs who lead registered startups or innovative economic projects can secure long-term residency through the UAE Golden Visa eligibility program.

 

  • Minimum Business Value:
    Own or lead a startup or project with a valuation or capital investment of at least AED 500,000.

  • Authority Approval:
    The project must be approved by the Abu Dhabi Residents Office (ADRO) or a relevant authority such as the Ministry of Economy, Dubai SME, or Dubai Future Foundation.

  • Financial Proof:
    Submit a salary certificate or proof of business income, passport copy, and NOC from local authorities.

  • The business must be registered and licensed in the UAE.

  • Founders may need to present audited financial statements or a valuation report.

  • Applicants can also sponsor family members and executive team members.

 

This category supports founders building scalable ventures that strengthen the UAE’s knowledge-based economy.

4. Skilled Professionals & Executive Directors

Executive directors, senior managers, and professionals in specialized sectors such as healthcare, IT, finance, and education can qualify if they:

  • Minimum Salary:
    Applicants must earn a monthly salary of at least AED 30,000.

  • Educational Qualification:
    Hold a bachelor’s degree or higher accredited in the UAE (in English or Arabic).

  • Employment Verification:
    Be employed in a specialized sector such as IT, healthcare, engineering, education, or finance.

  • Supporting Documents:
    Provide a salary certificate, valid Emirates ID, and a NOC.

  • Approval from Ministry of Human Resources,  and Emiratisation (MOHRE) or Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Health, depending on the sector.

  • Profession must align with the UAE’s skilled occupation list.

This pathway recognizes professionals whose expertise fuels national growth, ensuring they benefit from long-term stability through the UAE Golden Visa program.

UAE Golden Visa Eligibility Categories (2025 Update) - visual selection

5. Outstanding Students & Graduates

  • University Performance:
    GPA of 3.8 or higher from a UAE-accredited university or top-ranked global institution.

  • Institutional Recommendation:
    Must receive an official recommendation letter from the educational institution.

  • Submit a valid Emirates ID, passport copy, and academic transcript.

  • Application reviewed by the Ministry of Education or Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA).

 

This initiative motivates young talent to contribute to the UAE’s innovation-driven vision.

6. Scientists & Researchers

Endorsed by the Emirates Council of Scientists, researchers recognized for excellence in fields of science or technology are eligible.

  • Endorsement:
    Must be endorsed by the Emirates Scientists Council or Mohammed bin Rashid Academy of Scientists.

  • Research Excellence:
    Present proof of published work or contributions to recognized scientific projects.

  • Preferably employed at a UAE-based research institution or university.

  • Provide Emirates ID, and recommendation letter.

 

This reflects the nation’s commitment to building a strong foundation in R&D and advanced sciences.

7. Creative People & Cultural Professionals

Artists, writers, designers, and professionals in fields of culture can apply if endorsed by the Department of Culture or General Sports Authority.

  • Professional Recognition:
    Applicants must have a portfolio of work or awards recognized by the Department of Culture and Tourism or the General Sports Authority.

  • Official Endorsement:
    Endorsement from relevant cultural authorities in Abu Dhabi or Dubai.

  • Submit proof of achievements, portfolio, and passport copy.

  • Apply through dedicated service centers in Abu Dhabi (TAMM) or Dubai Culture.

 

This expansion welcomes creative people shaping the UAE’s global cultural identity.

8. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Developers & Tech Experts

One of the newly added categories, AI developers and digital innovators are now eligible for long-term residency.

  • Field Expertise:
    Applicants must demonstrate proven expertise in AI, robotics, data science, or advanced technology.

  • Income Requirement:
    Monthly income or funding proof of AED 30,000 or above.

  • Endorsement:
    Recommendation from a recognized UAE tech institution or Ministry of Economy.

  • Submit proof of work, employment contract, and academic qualifications.

  • Approval is often facilitated through Dubai Digital Authority or ADDA (Abu Dhabi Digital Authority).

 

This aligns with the UAE’s ambition to lead the global AI and tech transformation.

9. Nurses, Doctors & Healthcare Professionals

Healthcare professionals have played a pivotal role in the UAE’s development, and the country recognizes their contributions through dedicated Golden Visa services.

  • Valid Medical License:
    Must hold a license issued by the Ministry of Health, Dubai Health Authority (DHA), or Department of Health – Abu Dhabi (DOH).

  • Employment Requirement:
    Must be currently employed in a UAE-licensed medical facility.

  • Submit educational certificates (medicine, nursing, or allied health).

  • Provide passport copy, Emirates ID, and employment contract.

  • Relevant degrees in medicine, nursing, or allied health sciences.

This inclusion strengthens the UAE’s healthcare sector while offering Golden Visa holders stability and recognition.

10. Humanitarians & Volunteers

In line with the UAE’s values of generosity and social responsibility, humanitarian workers, philanthropists, and Waqf donors are now eligible for Golden Residence

 

  • Recognition:
    Must be registered or recognized by a UAE-based humanitarian or charitable organization.

  • Wadf donors -Donations of AED 1 million or more to recognized UAE charities or Waqf foundations.

  • Contribution Value:
    Donations exceeding AED 1 million, or sustained volunteer service over several years.

  • Provide proof of contribution, recommendation letter, and passport copy.

  • Review conducted by the Ministry of Community Development or Red Crescent Authority.

This category underlines the UAE’s compassion-driven policies, rewarding those who uplift communities.

11. Athletes & Sports Professionals

Athletes endorsed by the General Sports Authority or local sports federations are also eligible.

  • Official Endorsement:
    Must be endorsed by the General Sports Authority or a recognized UAE sports federation.

  • Achievements:
    Proof of national or international recognition in a registered sport.

  • Submit recommendation letter, sports portfolio, and passport copy.

  • Active participation in a UAE-based sports club or organization.

 

From footballers to fitness coaches, this addition encourages global sports talent to base their careers in the UAE.

Download the Full Golden Visa Eligibility Checklist

For each category — from real estate investors to AI developers and creative professionals — download our comprehensive eligibility checklist to explore:

Download our free, printable

Common Requirements for All UAE Golden Visa Categories

  • Valid Passport Copy – minimum 6 months validity.

  • Emirates ID – if already residing in the UAE.

  • Completed Golden Visa Application – submitted via ICP or GDRFA Dubai.

  • No Objection Certificate (NOC) – from employer, business, or relevant authority.

  • Clean Legal Record – no criminal history locally or abroad.

  • Proof of Funds / Financial Legitimacy – investment, salary, or funding must be legally sourced.

  • Supporting Credentials – professional license, academic degree, or portfolio, depending on category.

 

We replace vague speed claims with concrete evidence of managing complex application roadblocks. Our expertise is reflected in our robust 98% Initial Document Compliance Rate—a result of preemptively eliminating common errors before submission to official channels. This proactive approach ensures your application is “verification-ready” from the start, bypassing the delays caused by clerical mistakes, outdated documentation, or technical omissions often encountered by self-filers.

Step-by-Step UAE Golden Visa Application Process

Applying for the UAE Golden Visa is straightforward if you follow the correct steps. While most steps are common across all emirates, understanding the minor differences in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah can save time and effort.

Step-by-Step Process

  1. Identify Your Eligibility Category

    • Determine which of the 11 categories you qualify for: investors, entrepreneurs, skilled professionals, AI developers, nurses, humanitarians/Waqf donors, athletes, students, scientists, and creative professionals.

  2. Prepare Required Documents

    • Gather documents such as your passport copy, Emirates ID, salary certificate, NOC, property deeds, police clearance certificate, or educational transcripts — depending on your eligibility category.

    • Ensure verification-ready documents for Customs & Port Security if applicable.


Additional documents may apply based on your profile:

  • Investors: Proof of real estate investment, title deed from the Land Department, or evidence of company ownership.

  • Executives & Professionals: Employment contracts, salary slips, and company trade licenses.

  • Scientists & Researchers: Recommendation letters from the Emirates Council of Scientists or Ministry of Economy.

  • Creative People: Accreditation from the Department of Culture or General Sports Authority (for athletes).

  • Students & Graduates: Official academic transcripts or recognition certificates from the Ministry of Education.

  • Humanitarians: Proof of recognized donations or volunteer service records.

Ensure all documents are valid, translated into Arabic (if required), and ready for verification by Customs & Port Security before submission through gov.ae or the ICP platform.

 

  1. Submit Application via Official Channels

    • Apply through gov.ae or ICP portals.

    • For local submission, visit authorized service centers in your emirate.

  2. Undergo Verification Checks

    • Authorities review all documents for authenticity.

    • Investors and senior professionals may undergo additional checks by Customs & Port Security.

  3. Application Approval & Payment

    • Once documents and eligibility are verified, pay the relevant fees in dirhams.

    • The visa issuance process is completed electronically.

  4. Receive Golden Visa & Sponsor Dependents

    • Upon approval, receive your Golden Residence.

You can sponsor family members, dependents, and domestic helpers under the 10-year residency.

Emirate-Specific Application Differences

While the core process remains the same, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah have slight variations:

  • Abu Dhabi:

    • Applications go through the Abu Dhabi Residents Office.

    • Investors, entrepreneurs, and specialized talents may need additional local approvals.

  • Dubai:

    • Managed by GDRFA Dubai.

    • Streamlined process for entrepreneurs, investors, AI developers, and other specialized talents.

  • Sharjah:

    • Federal criteria apply, but some documentation steps are handled via local Sharjah service centers.

Certain endorsements for humanitarians, Waqf donors, and athletes may also be needed.

UAE Golden Visa Eligibility Across All Emirates

The UAE Golden Visa eligibility applies to all seven emirates, with the same categories recognized nationwide. However, some emirates, such as Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah, have slightly different processes and documentation requirements, and understanding these nuances can help make your application smoother and faster.

1. Abu Dhabi Golden Visa Eligibility

Abu Dhabi has a tailored approach. Applications are processed through the Abu Dhabi Residents Office, which evaluates investors, entrepreneurs, and specialised talents according to both federal and emirate-specific guidelines.

Key highlights:

  • Real estate investors and business founders may need local approvals in addition to federal processes.

  • Executive directors, researchers, and creative people must submit documentation that aligns with Abu Dhabi’s sector-specific criteria.

  • Family members and dependents sponsorship is fully supported under the Golden Residence program.

2. Dubai Golden Visa Application

In Dubai, the General Directorate of Residency and Foreigners Affairs (GDRFA) manages the process. While the federal criteria still apply, Dubai emphasizes:

  • Entrepreneurs and investors in economic projects or real estate

  • High-skilled professionals in healthcare, IT, finance, and education

  • Golden Visa holders can sponsor domestic helpers and family members conveniently

Dubai also offers streamlined procedures for creative people, AI developers, and specialised talents, ensuring faster processing for professionals contributing to its status as a global business hub.

 

3. Sharjah Golden Visa Process

Sharjah follows federal Golden Visa eligibility criteria but has some emirate-specific documentation steps:

  • Investors, entrepreneurs, and high-skilled professionals submit applications via Sharjah service centers.

  • Certain categories, such as humanitarians, Waqf donors, and athletes, may need endorsements from federal bodies as well as local authorities.

  • Family members and dependents can be sponsored under the Golden Residence program.

4. Other Emirates (Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah)

The remaining emirates generally follow federal rules, so the eligibility criteria for investors, entrepreneurs, skilled professionals, and students are the same across all emirates.

  • No changes have been made to the eligible categories themselves — all 11 categories (investors, real estate investors, entrepreneurs, AI developers, nurses, humanitarians/Waqf donors, athletes, skilled professionals, students, scientists/researchers, and creative professionals) are recognized nationwide.

  • Applications are submitted through ICP portals or local service centers.

  • Verification may involve Customs & Port Security checks for investors or senior professionals.

  • Sponsorship for family members, dependents, and domestic helpers is fully supported.

This ensures that all seven emirates offer the 10-year Golden Visa, while Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah provide slightly more tailored support for high-value investors and professionals.

Sponsoring Family Members and Dependents

Golden Visa holders can sponsor family members, including dependents such as spouses, children, and domestic helpers, without restriction on their number or age. Family visas remain valid for the same duration as the sponsor’s Golden Residence, ensuring long-term stability.

This flexibility is about more than just paperwork; it’s about peace of mind. It allows you to build a true, multi-generational home in the UAE, ensuring your family’s dreams and stability last as long as yours do.

Real-Life Example: From Executive to Golden Visa Holder

Dr. S.A. (IT Architect) easily met the AED 30,000 minimum salary for the Skilled Professional category in Abu Dhabi. However, his application faced an immediate rejection risk because his Master’s degree attestation was flagged by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) due to an incorrect stamp format from his home country’s embassy—a common, yet critical, technical error.

Recognizing the specific nature of the blockage, the expert team under the direct guidance of CEO Vipink Kumar (Licensed Consultant) immediately enacted our proprietary MoFA Re-Attestation Protocol. This involved providing the exact required translated and sealed documents to bypass the applicant’s prior submission errors.

Just three weeks later, Dr. S.A. secured the Golden Visa, finally moving his parents to Abu Dhabi and fulfilling his decade-long goal of achieving true family stability in the UAE. This demonstrated the value of having a compliance expert ready to deploy proven protocols.

Common Mistakes That Can Affect Your UAE Golden Visa Eligibility

Even qualified applicants can face delays or rejections during the UAE Golden Visa application process due to simple but avoidable mistakes. Whether you’re applying in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, or any other emirate, paying attention to detail can make the difference between smooth approval and unnecessary setbacks.

1. Incomplete or Outdated Documentation

Missing essential documents — such as your passport copy, Emirates ID, or salary certificate — is one of the most common reasons for application rejection. Make sure all documents are valid and in line with the latest gov.ae requirements. For investors in real estate investment or economic projects, ensure that ownership or project documents are verified through the Land Department or the Ministry of Economy before submission.

2. Incorrect or Unclear Proof of Income

Applicants such as executive directors and skilled professionals must provide a clear salary certificate and NOC (No Objection Certificate). Any mismatch between your employment details and the official company records may raise red flags during verification by Customs & Port Security or other authorities.

3. Unverified Property or Investment Records

If you’re applying under the real estate investor category, ensure your property is officially registered and valued correctly. For off-plan properties, some approvals might require updated documentation from the Land Department. A verified title deed is essential for the smooth issuance of your Golden Residence.

4. Using Outdated Application Forms or Portals

Some applicants mistakenly submit through outdated links or unofficial portals. Always use gov.ae or the official service center portals in your emirate — especially if you’re based in Abu Dhabi or Dubai — to ensure your entry visa and residence process follow the right track.

5. Missing Endorsements for Specialised Talents and Creative People

Applicants under the specialised talents, fields of science, fields of culture, or creative people categories must obtain endorsements from recognized bodies such as the Emirates Council of Scientists, Department of Culture, or General Sports Authority. Submitting an application without these approvals can lead to automatic rejection, regardless of your qualifications.

6. Forgetting to Include Family Members or Dependents

The UAE Golden Visa allows golden visa holders to sponsor family members, dependents, and even domestic helpers. However, many applicants forget to include their marriage certificates or dependent documentation, resulting in incomplete family sponsorship requests.

7. Incorrect Payment or Fee Calculation

Payment errors — whether underpaying or using incorrect amounts in dirhams — can delay your 10-year visa approval. Always double-check the fees listed on gov.ae or consult official golden visa services to ensure accuracy.

8. Not Seeking Professional Guidance

Each emirate may interpret requirements slightly differently. Consulting licensed experts in golden visa services or working with a trusted consultancy can help you avoid mistakes, streamline the process, and ensure your application process complies with every regulation in the United Arab Emirates.

Conclusion: Your Gateway to a Global Future

The UAE Golden Visa eligibility expansion represents more than an open-door policy — it’s the United Arab Emirates’ invitation to the world’s brightest minds to be part of its dynamic, innovation-driven future. Whether you’re an investor pursuing a real estate investment in Abu Dhabi, a researcher in fields of science, or a creative professional recognized by the Department of Culture, the Golden Residence offers you and your family members the freedom to live, work, and grow in one of the world’s most progressive economies.

This isn’t just a visa — it’s a 10-year opportunity to build stability, expand your business, and enjoy unmatched lifestyle benefits under the UAE’s visionary leadership.

 Ready to secure your 10-year residency?

Maximize your approval potential with our professional Golden Visa services. Your journey to UAE residency starts here. Contact Best Solution Business Setup Consultancy today and become part of the many success stories we’ve helped secure their 10-year Golden Visa.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is eligible for a Dubai Golden Visa?

The Dubai Golden Visa is available to investors, entrepreneurs, skilled professionals, scientists, outstanding students, and creative people in cultural and scientific fields. Eligibility is based on your contribution to the UAE’s economy or innovation sector.

It depends on your category — investors need at least AED 2 million, entrepreneurs AED 500,000, and skilled professionals a monthly salary of AED 30,000 or more.

Professionals such as executive directors and managers must earn a minimum monthly salary of AED 30,000 and provide a salary certificate and NOC as part of the eligibility requirements

The 10-year visa can be renewed indefinitely if you still meet the UAE Golden Visa eligibility criteria. Renewal is simple through gov.ae or icp.gov.ae, ensuring long-term stability for residents and their family members.

Golden Visa holders enjoy 10-year residency, full business ownership, freedom to sponsor dependents and domestic helpers, and access to exclusive government services — making it ideal for professionals and investors.

You can apply through the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Port Security (icp.gov.ae) or the Abu Dhabi TAMM and GDRFA Dubai portals. A consultancy can simplify your application process and documentation.

The UAE Golden Visa application process involves five key steps

  • Check your eligibility category

  • Gather required documents (e.g., passport copy, Emirates ID)

  • Submit via gov.ae or GDRFA Dubai

  • Complete verification by Customs & Port Security

  • Receive visa issuance
  • Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Port Security (ICP)
    https://icp.gov.ae
         
  • Dubai Municipality Service Centers Al Manara Service Centre (for document and residency services)
    View on Google Maps

Disclaimer : This guide provides a general information . Regulations and costs may change time to time based on government rules, so consult the best solution’s professional Business Setup consultants for the latest updates. Refer to the glossary for definitions of key terms which is mentioned in this article. Refer to the glossary for definitions of key terms.

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